Democracy in Mexico Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democracy in Mexico - Research Proposal Example e with all other parties to come to an agreement of the national project, as expected in a multiple party parliamentary system, but instead they deal with the instances that directly allocate funds –i.e. Secretarà ­a de Hacienda y Crà ©dito Pà ºblico-, aiming to benefit great economic interests and local political powers. The above scenario exacerbates the wealth distribution gap among Mexican citizens, whose protection should be constitutionally guaranteed by the State. In this context, the aim of my dissertation would be to strengthen the understanding of the challenges and consequences that the Mexican State faces in securing essential conditions of responsibility towards its citizens. It has been said that Mexico is on the brink of becoming a failed state. (Peschard-Sverdrup 2008, p. 238) An examination of the social and political variables that weaken its political system is, therefore, significant in several fronts. First, it would validate the argument whether the modern state of Mexico is, indeed, under attack and in danger of succumbing to its crises. Secondly, the outcome of such analysis could provide adequate lessons in regard to how the structure of modern democratic government can be eroded, highlighting its consequences to the state and to its citizens. This is particularly important because, as Laski put it, â€Å"no democracy can afford to neglect the proved sources of efficient service since that is the basis of its life.† (p. 117) Also, in this area – in the Mexican experience – solutions could be developed to address the crises and threats that undermine the modern state. Finally, the research subject could underscore the impo rtance of institutions and democratic concepts such as individual rights in the survival of a political system. The research will use the qualitative approach in an attempt to examine and understand: 1) the subject matter from the perspective of the stake holders; 2) the Mexican social and political setting in order

Customer Satisfaction of Standard Hotels in Tagaytay City Essay Example for Free

Customer Satisfaction of Standard Hotels in Tagaytay City Essay Introduction The hotel industry grew with travel, as people needed places for shelter and food along the routes they travelled, whether by land, water or air. The hotel industry is, therefore, one of the oldest endeavors in the world. (Andrews, 2009) Owners of the hotel realized that a customer has their own demand in services and facilities, that is why they developed what the hotels are offering before through what are the customer’s needs. The Hotel Proprietors Act 1956 provides a clear definition of a hotel: An establishment held out by the proprietor as offering food, drink and, if so, required, sleeping accommodation, without special contract, to any traveler presenting himself who appears able and willing to pay a reasonable sum for the services and facilities provided and who is in a fit state to be received. Hotels can be classified into different types according to their target market, size, location, facilities or ownership. (Baker.,Huyton., Bradley., 2000) Recently, the hotel industry trends towards separating the services sector between hotels. Many hotels nowadays offer recreation for a particular group of tourists. Popular family hotels, hotels for the newlyweds and hotels for people with disabilities, each of them has its unique set of services. Among the services that are indirectly related to the customers, that means that they are not involved in direct care of guests, are marketing service and bookkeeping of the hotel. Reservation, once considered one of the main hotel services, today has become an anachronism. Nowadays, in order to book a hotel clients use the services of the major tour operators. Online booking through the numerous tourist online services is getting increasingly popular. Booking.com says it offers 202,842 hotels globally. STR Global estimates that there are 187,000 hotels, offering 17.5 million guest rooms, around the globe. The Priceline Group’s supply included 200,900 hotels through March 19, Susquehanna estimates, and during the first quarter it was adding about 1,541 properties (hotels, apartment hotels, motels, hotels, residence hotels, BB’s and guest houses) per week. (tnooz.com, 2012) In the Philippines, hotels can be classified into four categories: De Luxe class, First class, Standard class, and Economy class. The higher the star rating of the hotel is, the higher its luxury level. De Luxe has 30, First class has 16, Standard has 83 and Economy has 43 as of September 2011. (tourism.gov.ph, 2011) One of the famous tourist destinations is Tagaytay City. In order for the place to accommodate guests; they have nine hotels that were accredited by the Department of Tourism. Standard Hotels offer an affordable stay and provide all basic amenities to the tourists. These hotels are considered as the best option for all those people who look out for affordable accommodations and dont find it sensible wasting money over unnecessary facilities. (EzineArticles.com) Republic Act No. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991Section 5. Requirements for a standard class hotel: Location, Bedroom facilities and furnishings, Front office/reception, Housekeeping, Food and Beverage, Engeering and Maintenance, General Facilities, Service and Staff, Special Facilities. (tourism.gov.ph) Background of the Study Tagaytay has a lots of business establishments that can affect ones operations. There are a lot of hotels and establishments in Tagaytay that offer different accommodations, amenities and services such as Bed and Breakfast, Inns, Apartment Hotels, Apartel and other establishments located in Tagaytay City. Hotel Dominique welcomes the guests into a charming European – style chalet in the cool countryside of Tagaytay. The guests can hole up in a Balinese suite or cabana with direct access to the pool. But they’re more than just one place to stay. Hotel Dominique imparts the feeling of â€Å"home† when they greet guests with the warmest of smiles and attend you your needs promptly. And whether the guests spend their days sampling their signature dishes or getting a massage, guests can always come back to a room that looks like the very first day they saw it. (hoteldominique.net,2011) Hotel Kimberly nestled close to Tagaytay City’s cafà © district. It offers elegant accommodation, modern facilities, and genuine hospitality of its friendly and efficient staff. All these set against the floral landscapes, breathtaking scenery, year-round cool climate, and wonderfully idyllic atmosphere of Tagaytay City. (hotelkimberly.com, 2012) The Lake Hotel Tagaytay offers charming, unbelievably serene spaces. With each reasonably priced accommodation you’re sure to finally be in a place where everything becomes unforgettable. (thelakehotel-tagaytaycity.com,2010) Discovery Country Suites in Tagaytay focuses only on giving you these special moments that you simply will never simply forget. Whether being awed by breathtaking views of Taal Volcano and Lake or lounging away at our distinctively themed rooms, every second spent here should be savored. For some, these uninhibited pleasures may seem trivial and even insignificant. But it is these little moments that inspire us the most. (discoverycountrysuites-tagaytay.com,2012) One Tagaytay Place Hotel suites offers a refreshing vibe of Tagaytay, let our hotel’s cozy rooms and amenities tickle your senses. Stay in bed a little longer and enjoy the sumptuous comforts of a richly furnished guestroom. Indulge in local and international cuisine, Tagaytay delicacies, spa treatments, and other pleasurable choices. Go celebrate life’s most important events with friends and family at the Aurora Grand Ballroom. Live that perfect day at One Tagaytay Place Hotel Suites. (onetagaytayplace.com,2012) Days Hotel Tagaytay is an affordable luxury. An ambiance of carefully cultured elegance.Architecture, appointments and amenities of distinction.Outstanding customer service.Awesome cuisines from all over the world.Addictive flavors and captivating tastes.Creature comforts without compromise.Dedication to enhancing everyday expectations.Pleasant surprises that ensure every guest leaves happy. It all comes together in the Best Value under the Sun. (dayshotel.ph, 2012) Statement of the Problem This study will determine the level of guests satisfaction experienced by the customers through the services they offer and help to improve their services on guests. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a) Age b) Gender c) Educational Attainment d) Monthly Income e) Place of Origin 2. What are the levels of guest satisfaction of Standard Hotels in Tagaytay in terms of: a) Accommodation b) Front Office Service c) Facilities and amenities d) Food and Beverage Service 3. Is there a significant difference between the ratings of the respondents based on the criteria set by the Department of Tourism on the different services provided to guests by standard hotels in Tagaytay City? 4. Is there significant relationship between the profile variable of the respondents to the ratings on there level og satisfaction? 5. What action plan can be proposed? Significance of the Study This study will be beneficial to the following: Province of Cavite. This study will benefit by knowing the strategies on how to encourage tourists to visit Cavite by means of this, Cavite may attract more tourists because of the quality of the rendered services and accommodation by the hotels. Tagaytay City. This study will benefit by improving or increasing the tourists arrival in Tagaytay City. Hotel Industry. This study will benefit by helping the hotel industry to improve their service and products to the better service and strategies of their competitive life. As well as the management and staff of the hotel, and also the customers. Students. This study will benefit by helping the students to have an idea concerning the service of an establishment, which can make their study easier and realistic. Future Researchers. This study will benefitby using our study asreference or source of other studies to be conducted. Scope and limitation The researchers cover the guest and employees of standard hotels in Tagaytay city. The study is limited to six (6) standard hotels accredited by Department of Tourism in Tagaytay city. They are the respondents of the study. They will evaluate and analyze the whole production of standard hotel in Tagaytay city.The researchers will conduct a survey to 120 respondents, 20 respondents per standard hotel. Definition of Terms Accommodation- is anything done to adjust with the expectations of others. It is equated so as to address needs and wishes or to reconcile contradictory interpretations of things. Accreditation is a process in which certification of competency, authority, or credibility is presented. Amenities- Something that contributes to physical or material comfort. things that make you comfortable and at ease. Anachronism – an error in which a person, object, event, etc., is assigned a date or period other than the correct one. Department of Tourism – is the executive department of the Philippine governmentresponsible for the regulation of the Philippine tourism industry and the promotion of the Philippines as a tourist destination. Facilities – something designed, built, installed, etc,. to serve a specific function affording a convenience or service. Food and Beverage – which is the sector/industry that specializes in the conceptualization, the making of, and delivery of foods. The largest are in restaurants and bars, including hotels, resorts, and casinos. Front Office – welcomes guests to the accommodation section: meeting and greeting them, taking and organizing reservations, allocating check in and out of rooms, organizing porter service, issuing keys and other security arrangements, passing on messages to customers and settling the accounts. Guest – a person who receives the hospitality of a hotel, a city. A person who patronizes a hotel, restaurant, etc. for the lodging, food, or entertainment it provide. Guest Satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Satisfaction an act of satisfying; fulfillment; gratification. The state of being satisfied or contentment. . The researchers cover the guest and employees of standard hotels in Tagaytay City. The study is limited to six (6) standard hotels accredited by Department of Tourism in Tagaytay City. They are the respondents of the study. They will evaluate and analyze the whole production of standard hotel in Tagaytay city. The researchers will conduct a survey to 120 respondents, 20 respondents per standard hotel. Definition of Terms Accreditation – is a process in which certification of competency, authority, or credibility is presented. Anachronism – an error in which a person, object, event, etc., is assigned a date or period other than the correct one. Department of Tourism – is the executive department of the government responsible for the regulation of the Philippine tourism industry and the promotion of the Philippines as a tourist destination. Guest – a person who receives the hospitality of a hotel, a city. A person who patronizes a hotel, restaurant, etc. for the lodging, food, or entertainment it provides. Guest Satisfaction – is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Satisfaction – an act of satisfying; fulfillment; gratification. The state of being satisfied or contentment.

Examining What Is A Serial Killer Criminology Essay

Examining What Is A Serial Killer Criminology Essay What is a serial killer? Many have their own ideas as to what a serial killer is, what they look like, and what kind of job they have or how they were raised or even where they live. In order for the reader to really understand the definition of a serial killer the research must pinpoint what makes a serial. Statistical data as well as demographic data will also be discussed so that it can show accuracy between profiles and stereotypes. Past studies and the articles under consideration mostly point out two major factors that result into causing the homicidal behavior. These factors are psychological aspects and disturbed family background. The studies that we are going to review have analyzed the serial killing attitudes using different approaches. Geographical Profiling, Decision Support System, Motives, Comparison of single and serial killers, Distinction between antisocial personality disorder and psychopaths, Demographics of victims, the White trash phenomenon and a criticism ove r generalities profiling are our studied approaches and findings. The psychological aspects include abnormal kinds of satisfaction that a homicide derives from abusive attitude. This satisfaction may be either of sexual nature or revenge or both. Other abusive activities such as indulging into drugs, alcoholism and minor crimes are also considered in the psychological aspects. A disturbed background at home includes split family, abusive parent or guardian, the circumstances that lead to staying at care. A child when goes through disturbed phases within family it is a big stimulus for that child to turn into a homicide. The children who live in foster care have a potency to engage into abusive activities in future when they leave care. The reviewed studies follow logarithmic and quadratic distribution, normalization parameter, literature review, integration approach, comparative approach, cinematic approach and profiling approach. Truth behind Serial Murder Serial homicide, in its youngest form was known by the FBI as a lust murder (Egger, 1998). Still the question arises as to what is the actual definition of a serial killer. Another describes a serial killer as one that explodes in homicidal rampage (Egger, 1998). Then you look at law enforcement and what they say is serial murder is sexual attacks, the death of men, women and children committed by a male killer (Egger, 1998). Though there are many definitions to what a serial killer may be, one may have to look further in depth to really understand what the definition is. Here are some ideas to think about when defining this aspect. First, serial murder occurs when one or more individuals commit murder of three or more people over a period of time. Second, there is a cooling off period between each murder. This could be weeks, months or even years before they go after another victim. Third, there is usually no connection between the victim and assailant. Forth, Serial killings are us ually different in geographic area and can move from one location to another. Last, but not least motives are not for material reasons, but for power and control (Holmes, 1998). As one may notice researchers have been studying and trying to create an iron clad definition to go by when establishing what a serial killer is. Although as difficult as one may think this is, the above mentioned characteristics of a serial killer help Law enforcement further in their serial killer cases. In another attempt at defining a serial killer it was stated as any offenders, male or female, who kill over time with a minimum of three to four victims who have a pattern with their killing that can be associated with the types of victims selected or the method or motives (Hickey, 2002). Ideologies of Serial murder There have been numerous researches done in order to create many categories, types, and labels of murders. Some of these categories include biological, psychological, and sociological traits (Siegel, 1998). Other researchers have gone further in categorizing murders as brain disorders, passive aggressive, alcoholics, mentally retarded, and hysterical (Hickey, 2002). Other researchers in yet more categories such as the visionary type who hears voices, which tell them to act in horrible acts. Then there is the mission type who believes it is their duty to get rid of evil people in the world and example of this is Hitler. Some examples of what may be considered as evil are certain religions, ethnic groups and homosexuals. Next, is the hedonistic type which commits violent acts for fun. They kill for only the pleasure of it, there is no personal gain with this type. Last, but not least there is the power type who desires to be in control (hickey, 1997). An example of this is actually a m ovie called Saw where they get pure pleasure by setting someone up in a contraption that will kill them if they do not do something for the killer. The victim does what is expected, but in most cases they still die thinking that they were going to live. This is also where the background of bedwetting and animal cruelty begins (Douglas, 1999). Males Serial Killers The earliest documentation after the 1800s of an adult male serial killer was Edward Rulloff, also known as the educated murderer, in 1846. It wasnt until the 1900s that we saw a dramatic increase (Hickey, 2002). A study done by D.K Rossmo in 1995 stated that males were involved in over 90% of serial murders. He found that the average age for a serial killer was around the mid-20. In his study he went on to show that 73% were white males, 22% were African American, 3% were Hispanic, and 1 % Asian (Hickey, 2002). The mobility classifying gets a little difficult for it differs for each serial killer. About one-third of male killers have killed people in multiple states. Over 50% of male serial killers stayed locally when committing their murders. Over 10% of serial killers use their own home (Hickey, 2002). Most victims however, are killed by a local serial killer. The victims of these serial killers can be categorized into three different targets. First, is the stranger. Next, which i s the most targeted is the acquaintances, and last but not least is the family members. The occupation of a male serial killer is very diverse. Jobs such as a plumber to a physician are common. Many known serial killers were in jobs you would never think of them being in given their nasty habits. A good example of this is Ted Bundy who was thought to have been a law student. Another was Bianchi who was a security officer and an ambulance driver as well. He over a seven year period held over 10 jobs (Egger, 1998). It is examples like these that show the assortment of backgrounds that these men share. It does not seem to be a factor as far as education goes. Some of these men never made it through high school whereas some did, yet they did not further their education past high school and a few did. In addition to this many also had a prior criminal history. Results were astonishing as the combination of offenses such as prison, mental hospital, property offenses, sex crimes, crimes on children, drugs, fire starting, homicide, and assault was 68% (Hickey, 2002). Next, what we will talk about is the importance of the motives and methods of a serial killer, which a lot of researches see as the most important. Eric Hickeys study illustrated that 41% of serial killers uses some fire arms. 42% of serial killers in his study used a combination of methods. Such methods that were used include 37% strangulation and 34 % stabbing. 26% used some bludgeoning, and 19% used firearms only. It went on to say that 13 % stabbed only. The last 2% used other means as their way of killing (Hickey, 2002). Serial Killer Most Frequent Method à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾ Albert DeSalvo Strangulation à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾ Ed Kemper Shooting à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾ Carlton Gary Strangulation à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾ Robert Long Combination à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾ Kenneth Bianchi Strangulation (Hickey, 2002; Egger, 1998). Female Serial Killers Many do not think of a female as being a serial killer, but contrary to that belief they do exist. Females are more often than not dismissed as being serial killers, because of the stereotype under which they fall. Researchers provide evidence to prove that they indeed are capable of committing serial murder. When fitting women to this profile it is hard because you think of your mom who is loving and nurturing. The last think anyone wants is to think that their mother could be such a thing as a serial killer. The public just doesnt think of their mothers and sisters as having the capability of murder (Holmes, 1998). Unfortunately statistics show that 10 to 15 percent of American serial killers have been women (Jenkins, 1994). The FBI called Aileen Wuornos the first female serial killer after killing seven men by shooting them in the torso in 1989 (Egger, 1998). Females can be as cruel and uncompassionate as male serial killers (Abbot et al. 2001). Like the male serial killer there i s documentation of female serial killers going as far back as the 1800s. From 1826 to 1995 there have been a total of 59 cases of female serial killings. The number of victims killed within this time frame is over 834 (Hickey, 2002). Most of female serial killers seem to lead a normal average life. According to a study by Hickey, 32% of female serial killers have been homemakers, 18% were nurse or had been a nurse, and 15 % had a prior criminal record. Also like men the average were whit and around there early 30s. As far as female serial Killers victims it seems that according to research they fall into the same three categories as men. In most of the other aspects women are pretty close to the same in their serial killings. However motives seem to be somewhat different of that of male serial killers. These are usually based on emotions, such as being physically abused, sexually abused. The many aspect of a serial killer that were discussed in this paper show both the sides of a male and a female serial killer and the many profiling behaviors of each. Our reviewed studies have analyzed the relationship of all these factors using various techniques. It is possible that many serial murderers are apprehended before they kill three or more victims required to qualify as such. Similarly, there are some who are detained for mental institutions and not directly answer for their crimes. Others continue to kill many more people to over the years without being arrested.

Barbados :: essays research papers

Barbados Barbados is a small country located in the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Bridgetown with a population of about 8,789. The head of state of Barbados is Queen Elizabeth II and she is represented by General Dame Nita Barrow. The total population of the country is around 252,000. The main language is English and the predominant religion is Christianity. Their date of independence was November 30, 1966. Barbados is the eastern most Caribbean Island. It is about 200 miles North-North East of Trinidad and about 100 miles East-South East of St. Lucia. It is the second smallest country in the Western Hemisphere. The major urban centers in the area include Bridgetown, Speightstown, Oistins, and Holetown. The land is mainly flat except for a series of ridges that rise up to about 1,000 feet and then falling towards the sea. The climate of the region consists of tropical temperatures influenced by the Northeast trade winds. The average annual temperature is approximately 77 degrees Fahrenheit. The daily temperatures rarely get above 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The dry season is cool, while the wet season is slightly warmer. The main rains come during the months of July, August, September, October, and November. The annual average rainfall is 40 inches in the coastal areas and 90 inches in the central areas. The net migration into Barbados is 4.82 per 1000. The annual growth rate is 0.4%, which is one of the lowest in the world. The annual birthrate is 15.45 per 1000, and the annual deathrate is 8.27 per 1000. Barbados ranks fourth in the World in population density with the overall density being 1526 per square mile. The whole island is inhabited, leaving no sparsely populated areas. The main race is Negro, which is about 92% of the population. The remainder of the population is consists of Whites (3.8%), Mulattoes (3.8%), and East Indians (0.4%). About 70% of the population is Anglican. The other 30% belong to various denominations such as Moravian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic. Barbados was once under British control from 1624. Its House of Assembly, which began in 1639, is the third oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere. By the time Britain left in 1966, the island was completely English in culture. The British influence is still seen today in quaint pubs, cricket games on the village greens, and in the common law. Barbados' government is British Parliament. The queen is the head of state and she is represented by the governor general. The governor general appoints an advisory council. The executive authority is the Prime Minister who is Owen Seymour Arthur which came into power on September 6, 1994.

Of Mice And Men coursework (Theme Of Loneliness And Friendship) Essay

Consider the theme of loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’. How does it affect the friendships and relationships in the novel? This novel was written by John Steinbeck which was set in the 1930s in Salinas Soledad which is in California. The novel consists of many historical factors which have affected the characters in this novel and one of them includes, â€Å"The great depression† Which leads the novels inspiration for the famous writer John Steinbeck which he mainly based on his own experience. In those days people travelled a lot differently to how we travel now. In those days migrant workers travelled extravagant distances looking for a job. There are many different themes in which are based throughout the whole book, such as loneliness, happiness, nature, dreams and reality: – Which even lead to catastrophe. Many of the people in this novel have very lonely lives mainly because they are migrant workers and as we know they don’t have time to make an y friends or have any time to spend with their families. There are many characters that are lonely due to age, sex, and race. Two good examples would be Candy because of his age and Crooks because of his race. This novel consists of two main characters George and Lennie, who are an anomalous pair of migrant workers that look after each other. They are completely the reverse of each other. George is the one who has the communicative face and thinks of all of their problems and ideas and tells the other one what to do. Being like this all of the time, in what ever the story it is, always pictures that you would be the small quick one with sharp features. Lennie is the guy that is tall and always does what he is told and has an ill-defined, solid, and powerful body and does not know his own strength. Steinbeck describes him as the one with no shape in his face and his body. Lennie drags his feet when he walks and acts like an animal. In the descriptions of these two men their appearance is completely different. George dresses neat and tidy, while Lennie dresses very scruffy. Just by the description of George and Lennie, you can clearly see that Lennie is the child out of the two men, as you can tell how he talks and acts around George and throughout the whole book. Being a man Lennie lacks a lot of language, which I think that he never attended a lot of school. Examples â€Å"look George, look what I done!† this is immature language. This kind of behaviour makes George the father type figure, so he would be the defender. John Steinbeck relates to Lennie, in the theme of nature, by describing his walk, and some of the things he does in relation to the animals like the way he drinks from the lake as Steinbeck describes him as a horse that puts its whole head into the water and slurps. This links in to the theme of natures, because of the use of animal descriptions that Steinbeck uses throughout the book, which is very important to this novel because in the beginning of the book, Nature was introduced straight away. Steinbeck’s describes the surroundings in such detail, that he uses a whole page to describe the forest (which is in the beginning of the book) which gives the readers a good imaginative view of what Steinbeck is writing. George and Lennie have an abnormal relationship. They are two friends, one needs the other more .George often gets very frustrated towards Lennie, which also shows that George cares. George loves Lennie very much and will always be a friend to him and so does Lennie. Lennie could not live without him because George does everything for him. Between George and Lennie, George is the one that is mainly in control, he cooks, finds them jobs finds them a place to sleep and because of this, they always travel together, where one goes, the other one follows like a duck and her ducklings. George travels with Lennie because Lennie would not be able to survive on his own. These two men share the same dreams but George knows in reality, it is not going to happen. Later on in the story Candy has now been introduced to the book as the old swapper. He is tall, stooped shoulders and has white whiskers. When you first see him, he is very friendly, although he is a little weary of newcomers. His only friend is his dog that he has had since he was a little boy which symbolises that he is very lonely which refers to the theme of loneliness. When he gets to know people, he begins to trust them; he opens up and strikes a conversation with his new friends just as he did with Lennie. A little further on in the story as they become very close together and even share each others dream. In the future he looses both his dog and Lennie and can’t really prevent Lennie’s death but tries to prevent his dog’s death, but this fails. This shatters Candy’s dreams because he cannot share his dream with his long companion. In Chapter 4, Crooks is introduced. He is the only coloured (black) person on the ranch and this is where the theme of loneliness comes into play. Crooks is a stable buck. He has a crooked spine, and his eyes lay deep in his head, he is lined with deep black wrinkles and has thin tightened lips. Again relating to the theme of loneliness, Crooks lives by himself in a shed because he is the only Black man, this is why he can afford to leave all of his belongings lying around. He has got his own collection of items like books, shoes and his own copy for the California civil code which indicates that he knows his rights and does not want to be taken advantage of. Eventually Crooks and Lennie are talking about if Lennie could live without George and about crook’s childhood explaining why his father never let him play with other kids and why he is so lonely. When he is speaking with Lennie about his childhood, he is speaking like it is still happening or it has recently happened. This is a very similar story to his life at that present time. Being the only coloured man, Crooks is treated as an outcast, as racism was very high in those days which forces him to spend his time reading while the others are playing card games. Crooks become very bitter due to the fact that everyone ill treats him which makes him feel hurt. In the next chapter Curley is introduced to the story. He is the boss’s son, he has a wife, she has dark hair that reaches down to her shoulders, her eyes are quiet close together and has pink small lips with very pale skin. The book does not mention anything about her name which suggests that she does not know who her parents are and does not have an identity. She behaves like she is not Curley’s wife and that she is single so she flirts with a lot of the men behind Curly’s back. She would say things like â€Å"now that we’re alone what do you want to do†. To try and tempt the man. In doing this, all the men try as hard as they can to stay away from her because they know that she is trouble and know how Curley feels about his wife. Curley’s wife does this because she wants attention, again, related to the theme of loneliness. All the farmers speak really bad of her because of her being flirtatious they also are frightened to talk to her because they fear Curley, and he would think that something is going on; plus he has the authority to get them fired or to shoot them. She married Curly to get some sort of status and to have an identity but she never liked him anyway. When she describes her life on the ranch, she says that her life is boring, that no one pays any attention to her and that she gets treated like a little girl. Curley’s wife often dreams about herself becoming an actress. At the end of the novel, her loneliness causes Lennie’s death. Before Lennie’s death, Curley’s wife and Lennie were talking in the barn whilst everyone else was playing games. They began talking to each other about each others dreams. They both talked about each others dreams and what they wanted to do in their life. Lennie has a fascination of stroking things. He was stroking Curley’s wife’s hair, he began to stroke her hair so hard, that he lost control and broke her neck. This has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candy’s relationship, as Curley wants to kill Lennie. As a result to this, George has to kill Lennie before he gets killed by Curly. Loneliness will always end in tragedy and dreams will rarely become reality. True Friendship never ends.

Breakfast Is the Most Important Meal of the Day Essay

Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, and for good reason. There are a few reasons people don’t eat breakfast in the morning such as not feeling hungry or to try and limit calories. However, skipping breakfast can lead to a number of problems when it comes to trying to lose weight and keep it off. If you are trying to achieve or maintain a healthy weight, consider the following reasons to eat breakfast each and every morning. It Revs up Your Metabolism Eating breakfast is a great way to get your metabolism working well for the day. When your body receives food in the morning, it tells your brain that you’re going to need to start working to digest it. This wakes up the system and warms up the metabolism so it’s ready to work throughout the day. When you don’t eat breakfast in the morning, your body thinks that it needs to conserve the energy it has because it isn’t getting any more through nutrition. This actually slows your metabolism down, which results in a decrease in the amount of calories you burn all day long. It Keeps You from Binging Not eating breakfast in the morning may save you calories for the time being, but it sets you up for failure throughout the rest of the day. This is because after not feeding your body for several hours overnight, a lack of food in the morning will leave you grumpy and hungry very early in the day. When lunch time rolls around, you’re more likely to choose something high in fat and calories to satisfy your food cravings, because you feel so ravenous. If you can hold off through dinner, chances are you will feel an overwhelming urge to snack all night long, which can really pack on the calories. It Keeps You in a Good Mood Feeding yourself in the morning will keep your spirits up throughout the day for a number of reasons. First and foremost, since your body won’t think that it’s starving after a nutritious meal in the morning, it’s easier to get in a good mood and stay that way. It also provides plenty of needed energy to help you get through the regular tasks of your day, which can help keep your mood bright and optimistic. A healthy meal in the morning can also help to regulate your blood sugar levels through lunch time, which plays a vital role in your mood. Overall, eating something for breakfast is better than eating nothing at all. The more balanced your meal is, the better off you will be. Instead of a breakfast of bacon, eggs and toast that will leave you feeling heavy and sluggish within just a few minutes, consider having a fruit smoothie and a bowl of oatmeal topped with fresh berries, which will invigorate your body and give you the energy needed to get through the day .

France vs England essays

France vs England essays The rival countries of France and England both came up with a political ruling system that were opposing to each other during the seventeenth century. France developed an absolute system, while England developed a constitutional monarchy. Each of these systems came sprung about because of one major impact in the lives of the people. In France, King Louis XIV was an absolute monarch that believed that everything else should also be absolute. In England, as a result of the glorious revolution, England developed a constitutional monarchy. There were areas in which contributed to each country choosing their mode of ruler ship. Areas such as political problems, social beings, economic status, and most of all religious matters. Englands political system of constitutional monarchy was more effective than Frances approach to centralizing uniformity. In France, Louis the XIV was an absolute monarch. This meant that he was the ruler of rulers. Louis was treated as if he was God, and this was because he was viewed as God. Louis cut a deal with the Pope by telling him the he would make all of France Catholic if he would have a greater share of the more important church revenues, and more control over the Arch Bishops. He was granted his wish, so therefore the edict of Nantes was passed. Louis now had the divine right as ruler. This meant that what ever he said goes only because he was sent from God and you can never questioned anyone sent from God. This was a powerful theory because many believed in God and in the bible so they feared for their lives. Louis was called the sun king because everything radiated from him. He was able to say I am the state and everyone was to follow this. He was an absolute monarch, therefore he did what ever he had to do to make everyone else follow his rules whether it meant war or not. Lou ise only allowed the nobles who supported him to retain their titles and this was n...

Twilight in delhi Essay Essays

Twilight in delhi Essay Essays Twilight in delhi Essay Essay Twilight in delhi Essay Essay Essay Topic: Waiting for Godot The term Absurd is essentiallyimpregnated with assorted human conditionsand state of affairss eliciting absurdness and is needfully present in the station universe war coevals. Life has become acrimonious sweet or „life in decease and decease in life? to the coming coevals. This human quandary sprouted its lances during 1920s. developed during 1940s and perpetuated in the ulterior universe. This very impression wasenchanted. transported and sometimes devastated by the intellectualsof this universe such as T. S. Eliot. W. B. Yeats. Existentialists. Expressionists. Surrealists. and Absurdists of the twentieth century. And Waiting for Godot is cardinal Sun unit of ammunition whom all the absurdist notionsmove. Ittranscendentstime and hasthe cosmicsignificance even after 60 old ages ofits publication. Itinsinuates modernismand perpetuates postmodernismthatisnothing but â€Å"too much with us ; late and shortly. acquiring and disbursement. we lay waste our lives before it. † Truly in the midsty of so terminologicalmayhem. Absurd is best identified withWaiting for Godot with its sense of void in life. Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal ( LLILJ ) 29 Cardinal words: Absurd. Existentialism. Surrealism. and Post modernism. ThetermAbsurd is essentiallyimpregnated withvarioushumanconditions and state of affairss arousingabsurdityand is needfully present inthe postworld wargeneration. Lifehas become acrimonious sweet or„lifein decease and deathinlife? to the coming coevals. This human quandary sprouted itsspears during 1920s. developed during 1940s and perpetuated inthe laterworld. This verynotionwasenchanted. transported and sometimes devastated bythe intellectualsof this universe. Ontheone manus T. S. Eliotbeautifully mirrored theinnerabsurdityofthemodernworld in his magnum-opus The waste land ( 1921 ) . and Samuel Beckett in his maestro piece Waiting for Godot ( 1955 ) . on the other. Superficially Abusrd means pathetic. but literally it means „Sense holding bunk? or „having everything hath nil? . That is considered absurd is really anti- traditional andavant-garde. henceis ridiculed. But originally itssignificancelies in itscrude world. WhenEliotrepents for religious asepsis in themodernworld. which isfulloffuryand quag. Absurd playwrights were fixing a suited platform to expose the absurdness of modern adult male? s life. Absurd dramatistsevenopted the absurd formto expose theabsurdityinits mosteffectiveway. Thisincludesthewriters ofbothdramaand prose fiction ; and themostsignificantofthemare Gallic Jean Genet and Eugene Ionesco. Irish Samuel Beckett. English Harold Pinter. American Edward Albee and others. Both temper and dramaturgyofabsurditywere anticipated intheir plants. Theywere besides supported byfewothermovementslike expressionism. and surrealism. alongwith fewotherforcefulworks ofFranz Kafka ( TheTrial. Metamorphosis ) . Thiscurrent movementemerged inFrance after the universe was 2nd. asa rebellionagainstessentialbeliefs and values oftraditional civilization and traditionalliterature. whichhad the belief that-„What a piece of work is a adult male? How baronial in ground. how infinite in module! In signifier and traveling how expressand admirable! In apprehensionhowlike a God! The beauty ofthe universe! The idol of animate beings? . ( Hamlet: 47 ) Speculating the Absurd: Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 30 But afterthe 1940s existentialist doctrine byJean- Paul Sartre A ; Ablert Camus opined human being as an stray existant. dramatis personae into an foreign existence. holding a bootless hunt for intent and significance and proceedingtowardsnothingness. They believe that: Its an uneven universe Full of allthings absurd Most ofit obscure Unseen and unheard. ( Brainy Quotes ) Thisvery absurdityhas been attractively penned byAlbert Camus in his â€Å"TheMythof Sisyphus? ( 1942 ) as – â€Å"Ina existence thatis all of a sudden deprived ofillusions and oflight. manfeels alien. Hisis anirremediable exile†¦ This diovrce between adult male and hislife. the histrion and his scene ; genuinely constitutes the feeling of absurdness. † ( 13 ) and as EugeneIonesco added fire to the fuel by statingthat- â€Å" Cut off from his spiritual. metaphysical. and nonnatural roots. adult male is lost. all his actions become mindless. abusrd and useless† . ( A Glossary of the Literary Footings: 1 ) Thisvery notionseemssimilartothefollowing lines byS. T. Coleridge. ofhisfamousballad Rime of the Ancient Mariner. – â€Å"Water-water every where Not a bead to drink† . ( Coleridge: 14 ) SamuelBeckett ( 1906-89 ) . the mostcelebrated writer ofthisvein. isanIrishauthor. composing inFrenchand thentranslating hisownworks into English. His get downing lies inthe dislocation of traditional values. His outstanding and dominent subject. hence is adult male? s disaffection and hunt forself ; which is the predominating manner of modernman? slife. His works showthe twilight ofmodernismand dawnofpost-modernismand so washonored withNobelPrize for Literature Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal ( LLILJ ) 31 in1969. As we bid adieuto onestar. we welcome the other ata transitionalpoint. in the same manner the publication of Waiting for Godot in 1955. was the apprehended transitional presence on the phase. which bid adioss to themodernism and welcomed post-modernism. ThetermPostmodernism designates „ excessively muchwith us ; late and shortly. acquiring and disbursement. we laywaste ourlives before it. ? Thefounder of this termis Charles Jencks. buthas beenbeautifully defined by Dick Hebdige in Hiding in the Light as: The corporate humiliation and morbid projections of a post- War coevals of babyboomers facing disillusioned in-between age. the „predicament? of reflexivity†¦ the prostration of cultural hierarchies. the apprehension engendered by the menace of atomic self-destruction†¦ a sense ( developing onwho youread ) of„ placelessness? or theabandonmentofplacelessness ( criticalregionalism ) . Waiting for Godot attractively designates all these gears of postmodernism through a obscure and cloudy word every bit good as term of terminological mayhem „absurd? . The drama has proliferated at anexceptionalrate overthe lastsixtyyears becauseitdealswiththenotionof adult male? s being in this ineffectual universe. The playWaiting for Godot portrays an image of adult male? s being. which evenafter60 yearsofitspublications seems rather existent. Todaymanhas gained material promotion but interior pettiness or breakability is still skulking upon his ego. The drama is a modern fable of post-war adult male in a godless. dimensionless and nonmeaningful universe. late Syrian Army attacked on Damascus suburb with chemical arms. after the Nato? s onslaught on Yugoslavia and the right to vote in Iraque. Here the lines of W. B. Yeats seems rather applicable. when he says that – Turning and turning inthewidening coil. The falcon can non hear the hawker? Thingss fall apart ; the centre can non keep. Mere anarchyis loosed upon theworld. The blood dimmed tide is loosed and everyplace. The ceremonial ofinnocence is drowned. ( The Second Coming ) Speculating the Absurd: Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 32 Waiting for Godot formulates a definition of adult male that transcends the clip. The dramas that follow it are besides pre-occupied with the experiencing typical of our times. All that Fall ( 1959 ) . a wireless drama. depict adult male? s defeat and absurdness. Kropp? s Last Tape ( 1958 ) is concerned with the perfect realisation of Beckett? s thought of â€Å"human isolation. † Embers ( 1959 ) is a soliloquy of an old adult male who is haunted by the memory of the past and feels used. confused. and abused. Happy Days ( 1961 ) stages the unreason of human being without intent and order. Beckett? s universe bears a close resemblance to Camus? s universe depicted in The Myth of Sisyphus. Universe all of a sudden divested of semblances and visible radiations. adult male feels an foreigner. alien. His expatriate is without remedysince he isdeprived of the memoryofa losthomeor the hopeofapromised land. Camus? s book appeared in 1942. i. e. . during the World War II. The development of the feeling ofthe absurd passesthroughfour phases: ( 1 ) First one recognizes the nonsense oflifewhichis flooring. Second isliving inconflict between purpose ( innervoice ) andreality. Thethirdistheassumptionofheroic dimensions through populating the conflictand makingithis God. The fourthand finalstage consists inthe witting affirmationthatnothing happens in lifein world. The sense ofanguish at the absurdityoflife is the subject oftheplays notonlyofSamuelBeckett. but ofAdamov. Ionesco and Genetalso. Asimilarsense ofthemeaninglessness oflifeisalso thetheme ofdramatists. like Sartreand Camus. Butthereis a difference. Thetheatreofthe Absurd abandonsrational devices whereasSartre and Camus expressthenewcontentinthe old convention. MartinEsslin remarks on the dramas of Beckett is disposed. apposite. and appropriate: Beckett? s plays lack secret plan even more wholly than otherworks of the Theatre of the Absurd. Alternatively of alinear development. they present their writer? s intuition of the human coordination by a method thatis basically polyphonic. they confront their audience with an organized construction of Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal ( LLILJ ) . 33 statements and images that interpenetrate each other and thatmust be apprehended in their entirety. instead like the different subjects in a symphonic music. whichgain significance by their coincident interaction. ( The Theatre of the Absurd: 44-45 ) Waiting for Godot is now recognized as a modern-day classic. It was written in 1948. since thenithas beentranslated into manylanguages and performed all over the universe. Themost singular thingabouttheplayisitsunconventional design. Theplayis seemingly haphazard. Butactually it isan inordinately powerfulplayin which signifier and significance are skillfully blended. The coreofa good playis actionorhappenings. here the verypurpose oftheplayis to state that nil happens -nothing truly happens in human life. Waiting of Godot is therefore a paradox. Itisa play of inactivity. Asmanisusually ignorantabout hisrealpurpose in life and he lives inhope ofsome revelationinfuture. We justhangaround waitinglike thetramps or rushmadly aboutlike Pozzo in hunt of some intent. We try to acquire a intent and orderinthat universe whichsteadfastly refusesto grounds either. Waiting for Godot is holding four characters. who are non four distinguishable personalities. They are instead generalised images of allâ€Å"mankind† ( 109 ) whichinLucky? s phrase. â€Å"isseento waste andpine wasteand pine† ( 73 ) . Theyrepresent aview ofmanas a incapacitated victim of his life. Non-specific scenes are a common characteristic of Beckett? s play. The phase -space intheplayisabsolutelybare. â€Å"Itisindescribable. Itis likenothing. Thereis nil. There is a tree† says Vladimir ( 117 ) . Strange occurrences ( sudden rise of the Moon. germination of foliages ) . unusual characters and their irrational behavior suggest abstract quality of this scene. The text describes itas nothingness ornothing. Thewhole secret plan. whichis actuallyabsentmoves unit of ammunition thewaitingofthat personwhose individuality. is evennotsure. Vladimirand EstragonwaitforGodot. whose arrivalissupposed butalways suspended as modernmanwhatever wants to make or accomplish. scattersinsilence. Now. united we Speculating the Absurd: Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 34 do notstand butfallinthisfutile universe. Eventhoughtlessnesshasbecome the beginning oftrouble. Thefollowing discussionmade by Vladimir and Estragon attractively designates it: We are in no danger of believing any more†¦ Thinking is non theworst. What is awful is to hold thought. ( 1954: 62-63 ) Finally the grace of Beckett? s Waiting for Godot pruned the modern adult male? s organic structure and psyche likewise. Even after 60 old ages of its publication. we designate its significance and relevancy both thematically and stylistically. Really whena manpassesthroughexcess deprivationand hopelessness. whether he commits self-destruction or attempts to take retaliation but absurdness even does non let either. Abrams. M. H. AGlossaryofLiteraryTerms. India: ThomsonBusinessInternationalIndiaPvt. Ltd. 2006. Print. Beckett. Samuel. WaitingforGodot. NewYork: Grave Press. 1954. Print. Camus. Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus. Harmondsworth: PenguinBooks. 1975. Print. Coleridge. S. T. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. India: Anmol Publication. 2009. Print. Esslin. Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. New York: Doubleday. 1961. Print. Hebdige. Dick. Hiding inthe Light: On Images and Things. London: Routledge. 1988. Print. Shakespeare. William. Hamlet. India: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 2001. Print. Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal ( LLILJ ) 35 Bio-note- Vijay Kumar Rai. Research Scholar. Dept. of English. DDU Gorakhpur University e-mail-Vijaykumar. [ electronic mail protected ]/*com.

Analysis of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

Analysis of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens   After reading a part of Oliver Twist and after watch the short documentary on Charles  Dickens, it is easy to say that he can be identified as a realist writer. A realist writer is defined as  a writer that writes about things are can happen in the real world. The initial twenty pages of  Oliver Twist has numerous realist traits in it. In the principal couple of sentences of the novel, the  storyteller discusses how Oliver Twist was conceived and how his mom passed away due to  complications during birth. The narrator says when discussing Oliver Twist’s birth, â€Å"For a long  time after he was ushered into this world of sorrow and trouble, by the parish surgeon, it  remained a matter of considerable doubt whether the child would survive to bear any name at all;  in which case it is somewhat more than probable that these memoirs would never have appeared,  or, if they had, being comprised withinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ biography extant in the literature of an y age or country† (3). Dickens having the storyteller discuss how nobody knew whether Oliver Twist  would survive indicates Dickens is a realist. Likewise, another piece of the initial twenty pages  where Dickens demonstrates he is a realist writer is toward the finish of the chapter where  Dickens implies about Oliver’s future. The narrator says, â€Å"But now he was enveloped in the old  calico robes, that had grown yellow in the same service; he was badged and ticketed, and fell  into his place at once – a parish child – the orphan of a work house – the humble, half-starved  drudge – to be cuffed and buffeted through the world, despised by all, and pitied by none† (5).   Here, the reader can assume that he will be a â€Å"parish child† as the quote provides. From our  studies of naturalism junior year, or an extraordinary type of authenticity, a man has a  foreordained destiny, which Oliver is given when h is mom passes on toward the start of the  novel and he is left as vagrant as an orphan. Subsequent to perusing a piece of Oliver Twist and in the wake of watching the short narrative on Charles Dickens, it is anything but difficult to state that he can be distinguished as a realist essayist. A realist essayist is characterized as an author that expounds on things are can occur in this present reality. The underlying twenty pages of Oliver Twist have various realist attributes in it. In the primary couple of sentences of the novel, the storyteller examines how Oliver Twist was considered and how his mother passed away because of confusions amid birth. The storyteller says while talking about Oliver Twist’s introduction to the world, â€Å"For a long time after he was ushered into this world of sorrow and trouble, by the parish surgeon, it remained a matter of considerable doubt whether the child would survive to bear any name at all; in which case it is somewhat m ore than probable that these memoirs would never have appeared, or, if they had, being comprised withinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ biography extant in the literature of any age or country† (3). Dickens having the storyteller talk about how no one knew whether Oliver Twist would survive shows Dickens is a realist. Similarly, another bit of the underlying twenty pages where Dickens exhibits he is a realist essayist is toward the complete of the part where Dickens suggests about Oliver’s future. The storyteller says, â€Å"But now he was enveloped in the old calico robes, that had grown yellow in the same service; he was badged and ticketed, and fell into his place at once – a parish child – the orphan of a work house – the humble, half-starved drudge – to be cuffed and buffeted through the world, despised by all, and pitied by none† (5). Here, after perusing the text one can expect that he will be a â€Å"parish child† as the quote gives. F rom our investigations of naturalism a year ago, or an unprecedented kind of realness, a man has a fated predetermination, which Oliver is given when his mother passes on toward the begin of the novel and he is left as vagrant as a vagrant.

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Capstone Experience (SWOT Analysis and Strategic Scorecard) Clairol Assignment

Capstone Experience (SWOT Analysis and Strategic Scorecard) Clairol Company 1 - Assignment Example According to Doyle and Bridgewater (2010), the main focus on the confectionery gives them an upper hand in understanding the consumers in the various segments better. The achievement of various acquisitions gave it the opportunity to expand into other markets like Vietnam (Doyle and Bridgewater 2010). P&G has less exposure in the other markets and therefore it will faces difficulty in understanding the new emerging markets compared to its competitors. The release of a high number of brands at the same time also makes it hard for the management to concentrate on the performance of a particular brand within the market. There are new markets with great opportunities that exist and expand into the emerging markets such as India where the population is on the rise. There is an increase of consumer wealth and an increase in the demand for confectionery products thus an increase in the amount of profits (Doyle and Bridgewater, 2012). The markets the company operates have a high rate of acquisitions and merger currently, and there are opportunities that exist to raise market share by means of planned purchases. This will also boost the level of profits at P & G. Increase in the level of efficiency and reduction of costs is the main route to survival within the FMCG market. P & G’s plan towards cost efficiency leads to saving of costs through moving production to countries that have cheaper raw materials and reduce the internal costs The large quantities of goods that need proper storage and management are high in number, but there have been inadequate methods of handling the goods. Thus, some end up getting spoilt in the process resulting to a big loss to the organization since the products will not reach the end users (Percy and Giles, 2007). This paper, therefore, looks into the warehousing process. The demand for the products within the cost environment has increased. This is an

Presidential election of 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Two Reports about Research - Essay Example The objective of any research is pursuit for the truth, not popular conceptions. In fact, the whole idea and sole objective of a research is to penetrate the layers of myths and disintegrated notions scattered around about a particular subject and discover reality in the light of worked through well-researched content with due respect to data protection issue and other ethical practices. For a brief period, let us go ahead with a key assumption that one is free to take up a research assignment, bearing in mind that there is no data protection concepts involved in the exercise and all laws related to data privacy is temporarily abolished. Can we identify the steps in the pyramid above where research activity will be accelerated or hindered due to that relaxation While the readers are allowed some time to contemplate on that possibility, let us dwell on other relevant sources and strategies to gather data and briefly understand the impact of data protection, right from the bottom level in the pyramid. While most researchers are aware of the thin difference between methods and methodologies, reliability and validity of information, appropriate analysis and evaluation of data, data protection and ethical practices, results and conclusion - it is the their responsibility to ensure that the broader objective is not diluted in the multiple steps involved in research nor there is any compromise in the entire cycle. A general awareness of data protection needs in all spheres of life - beyond Universities, Corporate, Financial Institutions or wherever - will not only lead a researcher to have a better understanding about the hazards of not protecting data but also prepare him to value that aspect outside the premises of the current project. Once a researcher learns to appreciate data protection principles beyond definition, Act and Law, implementing good practice will be just as important as the authenticity of the report generated, by the end of the research. Identifying Scope of Research/ Problem Quoting an old proverb by Aristotle - "Well begun is half done". It is potentially important to acknowledge, that to obtain desired and realistic results of a research assignment, there is a definite need to have a defined framework. This might not necessarily be a tested or proven approach, however considering the complexity and magnitude of a research, the initial framework to drive all steps in an innovative manner has to be efficiently designed. It is the design that determines the strength of an analysis. There is one thing the researcher needs to have prior to working on the design - A problem. While some researchers are very clear about their needs for information when working towards their thesis or study project, some are quite confused and require information on what studies, topics and papers are available, on specific work in their particular zone of interest. They also might need advice on their proposal and an idea of how effective their findings would be. Some might even need an elaborate discussion on the overall framework and data sourcing. The

Presidential election of 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Presidential election of 2012 - Essay Example However, the Republican Party in support of Romney managed to maintain control of the house representation at 233 seats, while the democrats were the majority in the senate representation with 53 seats (BBC bbc.co.uk). The 2012 U.S. elections came at a time that required special attention due to slow economic recovery, and the New Jersey Superstorm Sandy that gave people an opportunity to criticize the existing leadership. The catastrophe had called for the previous Obama government and Democratic Party to act wisely, maintain balance, and a good image before the nation that paid close attention. The quick move taken by the President Obama with the New Jersey governor, Chris Christie of the Republican Party to provide aid to the affected East Coast society, benefitted President Barack Obama in gathering support from people of New Jersey, for handling the emergency with integrity. During the last days of the campaign, the two presidential candidates had to perfect their actions and im ages towards the New Jersey disaster but as usual, it was up to the voter to decide how they related and viewed the actions of both candidates. The disaster seemed to be the last determinant of the voters’ motivation in support of their favorable candidate. Mitt Romney in his campaign marked the last Tuesday to the elections as ‘Storm Relief Events’ where he took blankets and food to the affected victims, while Obama rescheduled his activities on the following Wednesday, forfeiting the valuable time he would have had campaigning for his re-election, to focus on immediate management of the crisis, talking with the affected society and viewing the storm damage one on one (Fischer, spiegel.de). This strategy was well rewarded for Obama who Acquired 58 % of the votes in the state of New Jersey (â€Å"US election 2012† telegraph.co.uk). 1. Social Welfare Politics in North America have had along history with differentiated support of the leading political partie s that seem to be divided along racial and religious voters. Certain people tend to be associated with Democratic Party and not republican, based on their religious belief and race which end up into political debates, and in turn affect the voting pattern. The 2012 U.S. elections had a major issue surrounding the personal religious identities of the two leading presidential candidates, which well connects with the divisive social issues within religious dimensions. According to Wade, the Republican Party has more support from the whites than black based on their catholic and protestant religious faith (thesocietypages.org). There was little support for the Republican from the blacks and religiously unaffiliated (see fig. 1). Fig. 1. Republican composition based on religion from Lisa Wade. ; â€Å"Religion and Race among Democrats and Republicans†; thesocietypages.org. 15 September, 2012; Web; 12 November, 2012. On the other hand, democrats have most of their stronghold from t he societies dominated by black people and those religiously unassociated than in republican support (Wade thesocietypages.org ). Certain issues like permission of same sex marriages, the legality of abortion, inclusion of the word God on Parties platform and critical controversy of the Muslim video, set the differences between the parties and their support (see fig. 2). Fig. 2. Democrates composition based on religion from Lisa Wade. ; â€Å"Religion and Race among Democrats and Republicans†; thesocietypages.org. 15 September, 2012; Web; 12 November, 2012. Mitt Romney was initially satisfied by women making their decision on abortion, but following

Two Reports about Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Two Reports about Research - Essay Example The objective of any research is pursuit for the truth, not popular conceptions. In fact, the whole idea and sole objective of a research is to penetrate the layers of myths and disintegrated notions scattered around about a particular subject and discover reality in the light of worked through well-researched content with due respect to data protection issue and other ethical practices. For a brief period, let us go ahead with a key assumption that one is free to take up a research assignment, bearing in mind that there is no data protection concepts involved in the exercise and all laws related to data privacy is temporarily abolished. Can we identify the steps in the pyramid above where research activity will be accelerated or hindered due to that relaxation While the readers are allowed some time to contemplate on that possibility, let us dwell on other relevant sources and strategies to gather data and briefly understand the impact of data protection, right from the bottom level in the pyramid. While most researchers are aware of the thin difference between methods and methodologies, reliability and validity of information, appropriate analysis and evaluation of data, data protection and ethical practices, results and conclusion - it is the their responsibility to ensure that the broader objective is not diluted in the multiple steps involved in research nor there is any compromise in the entire cycle. A general awareness of data protection needs in all spheres of life - beyond Universities, Corporate, Financial Institutions or wherever - will not only lead a researcher to have a better understanding about the hazards of not protecting data but also prepare him to value that aspect outside the premises of the current project. Once a researcher learns to appreciate data protection principles beyond definition, Act and Law, implementing good practice will be just as important as the authenticity of the report generated, by the end of the research. Identifying Scope of Research/ Problem Quoting an old proverb by Aristotle - "Well begun is half done". It is potentially important to acknowledge, that to obtain desired and realistic results of a research assignment, there is a definite need to have a defined framework. This might not necessarily be a tested or proven approach, however considering the complexity and magnitude of a research, the initial framework to drive all steps in an innovative manner has to be efficiently designed. It is the design that determines the strength of an analysis. There is one thing the researcher needs to have prior to working on the design - A problem. While some researchers are very clear about their needs for information when working towards their thesis or study project, some are quite confused and require information on what studies, topics and papers are available, on specific work in their particular zone of interest. They also might need advice on their proposal and an idea of how effective their findings would be. Some might even need an elaborate discussion on the overall framework and data sourcing. The

World Literature Essay Example for Free

World Literature Essay In this introductory lecture it better to say something about the intimate connection between English literature and English history. They go hand in hand: they are both sides of the same coin. English history is considered as the fundamental base for English literature. A history of English literature has therefore a national, as well as a personal character and interest. The inner life of each generation is revealed in the literature. In studying English literature, according to the chronological method of history, let us always try to think of it as the progressive revelation of the mind and spirit of the English people. We shall look in detail at the social and cultural history of the centuries in which the British literary tradition has grown, and explore the historical experience as well as the literary importance of the writers it considers. English literature as an integral part of the world cultural heritage English literature is an integral part of the world cultural heritage. The best traditions of English art have enriched the world literature. The masterpieces of English prose and poetry were translated into almost all languages, thus winning the recognition far overseas. Together we shall explore the long, jagged /? d? ag? d/ history of writing in the British Isles, from the Anglo-Saxon and the early Christian period up to the present day. Strong emphasis is made on the growth and development of the English language, and how changing understanding of the nature of language has affected the growth of writing. The British Isles have always been a multilingual landscape, and the language or rather languages have always been in constant change. The Celtic /? k? lt? k/ heritage, the Viking invasion, the Norman invasion, the deep penetration of Latin as the lingua franca /? l gw? ?fra? k? / a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. – all are part of the great word-stock we call English. And that has led to no less profound changes in language’s most developed form of expression – that is, in its oral and, above all, its written literature. Today, for a variety of different historical reasons, English has become the world’s first language, the modern lingua franca. It is used in all six continents as first, second or third language. Over 300 million people today speak it as a mother tongue; another 300 million use it regularly as a second language. All over the world, authors write in English, to describe worlds, landscapes, cultures for which the language itself was not originally devised. This has led to an extraordinary expansion not just in the spread but also in the vocabulary, structure and power of the language, which some contemporary writers ignore at their peril. Literature written in the British Isles is read everywhere. This vivid, expanding, difficult language is one of the world’s richest. Part of that richness comes from the remarkable history of its literary use. This is a language that has constantly recreated itself. The Anglo-Saxon of the Beowulf poet is a quite different English from that of the travelled and educated Geoffrey Chaucer, writing under the influence of court French, even while he was recreating the contemporary vernacular /v nakj? l? / the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. The rich Elizabethan / l? z bi (? )n/ English is something else again – and different from the more formalized, Latinate /? lat? ne? t/ language of John Milton. Dickens’s English carries the noise of the Victorian streets of London when it was the world’s biggest city. The language of writers today is shaped by contemporary multi-culturalism, by streets that are noisy with different sounds and by the universal spread of travel and contact. So there is still a tradition to be remembered: a sequence of forms, myths, preoccupations, cultural debates, literary and artistic trends, great and influential literary movements. The flowering of verse in Anglo-Saxon times and again in the Middle Ages constructed a poetic tradition that still has influence on the most experimental poets of today. The flowering of drama in the Elizabethan age has, despite many transformations, founded a lineage /? l? n d? / direct descent from an ancestor that still has its impact on the theatricality of modern playwrights. The remarkable emergence of the novel as a popular form in Britain in the early eighteenth century not only composed a form in which some of the essential stories of national life have been told, but helped create what is now one of our most important and popular of literary genres, practised right across the world. Any writer draws in many ways on the previous heritage of the form he or she uses, the devices and artifices / t? f? s/ clever or cunning devices or expedients it has developed, the cultural energies it has acquired, the themes and experiences it has explored. The same is true of the history of the language, that elegant instrument of expression which has taken on such a complicated shape over time. A literary language goes through a great range of adventures and experiments. Forms and genres take shape: the comedy and the tragedy, the ode /d/ and the epic / p? k/, the novel and the dramatic poem, blank verse and stream of consciousness /? k? n sn? s/. Literary language moves between high formality and vernacular ease; common speech frequently transforms conventions when they grow fixed, so creating – as with the Romantic movement – a major literary and emotional revolution. Tradition deposits a vast stock of words and meanings, complex grammatical and artistic devices: simile and metaphor, irony and burlesque /b l? sk/ and satire. Literature is our link with great humane /hjme? n/ and moral ideas; it is part of the advancement of learning and the imaginative / mad n? t? v/ understanding of other people’s lived experience. Literature is always an experiment, as significant and innovative as any in medicine and science – as well as an eternal story of the power of the human imagination. The true tradition of literature is never simply national; it never has been. Writers constantly venture out of their own landscapes, borrow from other traditions and other tongues, welcome in travellers or influences from elsewhere. This course rightly emphasises the relationships among the different traditions within the British Isles, and their relation with other traditions beyond. But every new writer of significance shifts the tradition slightly, adding something of his or her own, extending, sometimes totally upturning, what has gone before. At the beginning of the twenty first century, a time with its own conviction of deep and fundamental change in political, gender and global relations, as well as in science and the technologies, that extending and upturning is visibly happening again, as it did at the start of the twentieth century. Yet writing still needs the past and the tradition – if only as a help in discovering the present, and prospecting the future. So, my task as a lecturer is to lead the way as effectively as possible to the works of past and present that show you British writing does have a long and fascinating history. Periodization For the sake of convenience, the history of English literature is divided into periods.

Impact of the Maoist Insurgency on the Nepalese Society

Impact of the Maoist Insurgency on the Nepalese Society CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. The Nepalese people had a positive, but to a large extent unrealistic, expectation with the new political establishment of 1990, which had installed a democratic system of governance in the country. This form of governance was unable to meet the peoples expectations. Midterm parliamentary elections of November, 1994 resulted in a hung parliament that further led to a power-centric rivalry between various political parties. Maoists, a radical fraction of the Nepalese communist movement, whose ultimate goal was to establish a communist republic through armed struggle, found the prevailing environment most appropriate for triggering a long awaited armed struggle. The Maoists started an armed insurgency amidst political instability from the remote hills of mid Western region, and finally emerged as a threat to Nepals democracy. The Nepalese government, in its various capacities, fought the Maoist insurgency. The government was able to contain a growing insurgency, but had not been abl e to achieve the desired political end state within the existing constitutional framework. 2. Nepal endured the Maoist insurgency for more than a decade and this truly posed a formidable threat to national security. The government failed to anticipate and diagnose the problem properly in the first place and a frequently changing government could not effectively employ the instruments of national power by devising a coherent and coordinated national strategy. Ultimately, the government relied on security/military measures without formulating a viable and broader political and socio-economic strategy. The governments response to the Maoist challenge in general was reactive, inconsistent, and far from effective.   The extreme friction and division within the ruling circles prevented the state from articulating a clear, consistent and convincing response during the most critical phase of democratic transition. The conflict resolution and long-term stability in Nepal is still uncertain, yet the conflict settlement process has started after more than a decade long conflict. Ha d there been a better understanding of the insurgency from the beginning, conflict would have been less costly. 3.Emergence of Nepal Communist Party (Maoist).Understanding the birth of the Nepal Communist Party (Maoist), relates back to the conquest of Kathmandu valley in 1769 by a king from Gorkha, a small principality in central Nepal. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Shah dynasty of Gorkha through conquest, marriage and diplomacy had succeeded in annexing the small principalities and forming the country that is today known as Nepal. Towards the end of the unification campaign in the early nineteenth century, the Kings power waned and control of the state slid into the hands of the military families. Competition for the control of the state led to bloody struggle between different military families. From the mid nineteenth century onwards, the state machinery became the preserve of one family the Ranas. 4. With its aim to overthrow the Rana rule, the Nepali National Congress (NC) was formed in 1946 in Banaras by fusing the Akhil Bharatiya Nepal Rashtriya Congress, the Nepali Sangh and the Gorkha Congress. Pushpa Lal Shrestha who served as the office secretary for Nepali National Congress was dissatisfied with the NCs policies for a non-violent struggle. He quit the party and started working on setting up a communist party. He translated and published Marxs Communist Manifesto which was released on 15 September 1949, the date that is considered the founding day of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN). Although political parties were legally prohibited during this time, Nepali students in India had been exposed to Marxist views and many were even affiliated to CPI (Communist Party of India). At the time of the 1950 uprising, the CPN was in the early stages of party formation. Although it enunciated its ideology of class struggle and armed revolution, the party was not explicit about its objectives nor was it clear about its role in the 1950 movement in which NC had professed overthrowing the Rana regime and establishing democracy with constitutional monarchy. Therefore, NC dominated the 1950 revolution and CPN began expanding its support base and exercising its strength only after 1950. 5. Ideological and personality clashes among the leaders began eroding the organizational unity of the CPN during the decades of 1960s and 1970s. The party divided into three branches: the moderates, the extremists and the radicals. In 1974 the ‘central nucleus split into the CPN led by Mohan Bikram and Nirmal Lama and the CPN led by Man Mohan Adhikari. The communist party led by Adhikari joined with smaller groups and formed the CPN (ML) in 1978. By 1991 the CPN (ML) joined hands with Pushpa Lals CPN (Marxist) to form the CPN (Unified Marxist Leninist) a nomenclature that is retained to this day. At the time of the 1990 movement, the CPN (UML) was the largest Communist organization in the country. 6. While the Communist party led by Man Mohan Adhikari was consolidating with smaller groups and expanding its base, the other CPN was experiencing numerous break offs. In May of 1979, King Birendra announced a national referendum. Disputes arose between the two leaders of this party regarding the referendum. Mohan Bikram Singh was unwilling to participate in a referendum called by the King while Nirmal Lama, general secretary, accepted the referendum and faced opposition within his party. As a result, he was forced to resign from his post. Ultimately, Mohan Bikram Singh and Nirmal Lama parted ways. Singh formed his own party the CPN (Masal) in 1983. In 1985, Masal fragmented into Mashal and Masal. Mashal, led by Mohan Baidya, was subsequently replaced by Pushpa Kamal Dahal alias Prachanda, who would later be known as the Maoist supremo. The subsequent development and emergence of the Maoist party is shown in Appendix â€Å"A†. 7.Background of Maoist Insurgency in Nepal.The start of armed insurgency was not only the result of an opportunistic response to the emerging political instability after 1990 but also the product of a rational and deliberate calculation. Some form of radical elements of the leftist movement in Nepal has always believed in armed insurgency. The root of the communist movement in Nepal goes back to the birth of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) in 1949. The CPN had secured four seats out of 104 in the first ever parliamentary election conducted in 1959. The CPN was split on the question of supporting a royal takeover in December 1960. Towards the latter half of the 1970s, the communist movement in Nepal had also developed its radical factions which were influenced by the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the Naxalites movement of India. Following in the footsteps of Naxlites, CPN (Marxist-Leninist) carried out killings of local land owners in eastern Jhapa district of Nepal during the la te 1970s, also known as Jhapa Uprising. This uprising was immediately suppressed by the then Panchyat government, a party-less government system under direct rule of the monarch. The Nepalese communists were generally divided into two groups until the end of the Panchayat system. One group was ready to follow democratic system and another believed in seizure of power through armed insurgency. CPN (Maoist), who started the armed insurgency in February 1996, was always in favor of armed insurgency. Maoists, through their open political front, forwarded a 40 point demand to the government in February 1996, as an ultimatum otherwise to begin an armed insurgency; however, the Maoists started the armed insurgency even before reaching the deadline. 8.Governments Counter Insurgency Strategy.Nepal had experienced 15 different governments from 1990 to April 2006. Political instability made democratic transition difficult and prevented the government from acting appropriately against the insurgency. Various governments endeavored to respond to insurgency with a range of policy instruments during their respective tenure. Weak administrative infrastructure, frequent changes in government, hung parliaments, lack of determined leadership, diverse interest and different views of major political forces towards insurgency contributed to reactive, inconsistent and sometimes counterproductive response. Maoists completed preparation of the armed insurgency by keeping the government unaware, in order to avoid government repression. As an initial response, the government preferred to use police forces without anticipating the long term consequences. Police operations engaged the Maoists, but never controlled the local population. These repress ive and heavy handed law and order measures further alienated the local populace, which ultimately benefited the insurgents for organizational expansion. Only with the November 2001 offensive by the Maoists, did the government become more serious. After initial setbacks, the government decided to take a immediate approach to address grievances at the local level. It was conceived as the Internal Security and Development Program (ISDP). Increased Maoist violence prevented the government from running such types of programs together with combat operations in the insurgency infested areas. The government was forced to back out of this program.   Nepalese government counter insurgency measures from 1996 to 2006 included programs as followings: Initial Police/administrative measures. Security/military measures with ISDP programs. Counter Insurgency Operations. Peace Talks Promulgation of Terrorist and Terrorism Act. Activation of special courts to try insurgents. METHODOLOGY Statement Of The Problem 9. The researcher intends to analyze the impact of the Maoist insurgency on the Nepalese society in terms of political, social, economic and security aspect which they were forced to undergo during the period. The researcher also lays suggestions and recommendations to assist the future military leaders for better understanding of the problems and ways to address all societal needs if exposed to similar type of environment in the future. Hypothesis 10. The Nepalese society and the people were the main victim of the conflict during the decade long insurgency, in terms of social, economic and political losses. Justification Of The Study 11. Conflict, war and warlike events themselves are intolerable events in a peaceful society and automatically their impact on the society and its organ is more intolerable. The research will limit itself to a brief description of the then prevailing political situation. The main focus of the research will be concentrated towards how the society experienced the insurgency/counterinsurgency operations. A detailed analysis of the states inability to visualize the social, political, security and economic impact realized during the counter insurgency will be analyzed in detail. 12. The sole intent to scrutinize the above mentioned aspects is to provide an insight view to all the readers to understand the psychological pressure that the Nepalese society had undergone during the counter insurgency operations. Despite being one of the most significant subjects, there were some limitations regarding preparation of the paper which includes; the time limitation to make detailed study and the other commitments of the researcher in the college as well. 13. There are various national and international books, research paper written, prepared published by military professionals, academicians journalist about the Maoist insurgency and the governments approach to the problem, but only few of them that were relevant to the subjects were studied for the preparation of the paper. Methods Of Data Collection 14. This paper is based on a review and examination of information gathered from a variety of secondary sources. Due to the nature and availability of numerous research works on the subject matter the researcher did not opt for any field based research. This study is based on a descriptive along with analytical study of the Nepalese governments counter insurgency strategy along with its impact on the Nepalese populace at large. For this, the researcher has mainly studied and analyzed books and various websites. This research is by no means a complete picture of the conflict in Nepal and neither a complete picture of the Nepalese experiences during the insurgency period. Neither does this research claim to cover all impacts, but merely constitutes a review dependent upon available information. Organisation Of The Dissertation 15. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner: The chapter II highlights the background reasons behind the decade long conflict, in which more than 13 thousand innocents lost their lives. The chapter III briefly tries to explain the societal experiences of the insurgency in various levels and facades. The chapter IV tries to analyze the victims of the insurgency. The chapter V finally concludes the research, with proving of the hypothesis. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND REASONS BEHIND THE CONFLICT General 16. On February 13, 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), initiated a Peoples War with over 5,000 actions being carried out throughout the country including armed assaults on police stations in rural districts, the confiscation of property from oppressive landlords and punishment of local tyrants. The Maoist movement in Nepal grew out of imbalance within the society due to poverty, unemployment and frustration among the youths. Inaccessible hills, lack of communication and illiteracy further created an environment where insurgency could easily take its roots. Political instability in the country and failure of political leaders to respond to the hopes of mass population further attributed to the rise of Maoist movement. 17. Geographical disparity.Mid Western and far Western regions are basically remote areas of Nepal suffering from widespread poverty, disparity, structural inequality, injustice and discrimination. This in turn provided the Maoist with perfect breeding ground. Hence, the insurgency started from the mid-Western region (namely Rolpa, Rukum, Salyan and Jajarkot districts). Gradually they were able to increase their influence across the country and later were virtually present in all seventy five districts from rural to urban and hills to terai (plain) areas. The geographical expansion and growth of the Maoist insurgency was sharp and ubiquitous mainly because of two reasons. First, they effectively and successfully utilized media, rights activists, frustrated masses (e.g., ex-bounded laborers, unemployed youths, etc.) and poor, marginalised and underprivileged groups. They also created reign of terror to help expand their activities. Second, complete failure of the government to address geographical inequalities and provide regionally balanced development opportunities and infrastructures. All form of governance had completely neglected these two regions as they were inaccessible and remote. 18.Impacts of the Security Forces.Nothing can be more appalling to innocent rural community than when security forces move in, searching for insurgents. Because of the poor training of the police personnel and their lack of knowledge and proper orientation, instead of resolving the problem, they usually end up becoming major problems themselves. Police Operations like Operation Romeo, Operation Kilo Shera-2 and Jungle Search Operations (1998-99) and Silent Kilo Shera-3, Delta and Operation Chakrabihu (2000-May 2001) did not prove effective. Instead they helped escalate the conflict from certain geographical areas to across the country. Large numbers of innocent people were victims of these operations, which developed further resentment and feeling of revenge. The government completely failed to recognize the gravity of the problem of geographically neglected areas. Thus the Maoist were able to give the impression to the general public that they truly represented their interests, need s and aspirations of geographically isolated poor rural population who had been excluded from the economic, political and social opportunities mainly because of staying in geographically remote and backward areas. 19.Social Exclusion and Acute Inequalities. Absolute poverty, lack of access to resources and failure of political structures to address these issues made the Nepalese society extremely vulnerable to conflict. Deep rooted social cleavages in terms of caste, ethnicity, gender, regional, cultural, linguistic and religious forms of discrimination provided fertile ground to escalate the conflict.Maoists successfully capitalised the widely discernible disillusionment of people towards poor performance of political structure. Dominance of certain groups (e.g., Brahmin, Chhetri and Newar) in all social, political and economic sectors promoted feeling of injustice and revenge as lower caste people strongly believed that they had been excluded from opportunities and resources. Maoists tactically utilised these feelings. The emergence of ethnic interest groups, awareness on social exclusion, ethnic inequalities and governance failure fuelled the conflict. 20.Unstable Government and Their Lack of Responsiveness.There has been considerable political instability since the inception of democracy in the country.   The performance of parliamentary democracy for years had repeatedly failed by its frequent shifting of alliances, changing stands with the alternative governments and seeking fresh elections. This trend created an unhindered and favorable environment for the Maoist to widen their influence, the government being unable to take any bold steps for the economic as well as social upliftment of the people. The people, who had great expectations from the political leaders after the restoration of democracy, were disheartened by their irresponsible acts of engaging themselves in internal wrangling. 21.Lack of good governance.The revolving door charade of ministers with the formation and fall of different governments only increased the corrupt practices across the board.The splitting of major parties created a weaker government which inspired the rampage corruption in the administrative sector. The nepotism and favoritism made people feel the class discrimination. Such conditions decreased the faith towards the government and the Maoists were successful in exploiting the discontented group to gain passive or active support.  Ã‚   22.Fragile Economy and Rampant Poverty. Nepal ranks among the poorest countries of the world. With no major industries for earning foreign currency and deteriorating tourism industry, the economic condition of the country is decreasing each day. No economic program had been implemented effectively in the remote areas where 85 percent of the populations are still in acute poverty. The 2002 Budget presented by the government headed by then Prime Minister Deuba painted a gloomy economic picture of the country. Out of Rs. 96.12 billion, Rs. 57.45 billion was set aside for regular expenditure and rest for developmental projects. Rs. 14 billion was allocated to the security forces. This meant regular expenses were higher than expenditure under the development section in the, and government was giving more importance to law and order than economic reform. 23.Ideology.Maoist Movement involves only a small minority of the countrys population as active participants. Most of the participants are members of the underground who perform their normal functions within the society along with their clandestine and covert activities. However, ideology has been an important factor in unifying the many divergent interests and goals that exists among the Maoist movements membership. As a common set of interrelated beliefs, values and norms, the ideology has been used to manipulate and influence the behavior of individuals with in the communities and societies. Such strategy of the Maoist has directly or indirectly motivated and attracted many innocent citizens of the country.   24.Illiteracy and ignorance. Nepals Functional literacy remains low, even though official statistics show that the literate population numbers at around 60 percent. Most of the literate or educated are again concentrated in the cities and often it is the illiterate majority that remains back in the villages where the Maoists are still active with organization building. Those without proper education are unable to distinguish between promises and practical goals and because they are â€Å"unaware† or not â€Å"critically conscious† about what they are told, they are more likely to be influenced. Inability of the people to differentiate between what is told to them and what is achievable is reason for the increase in support to the Maoists. Low literacy and lack of effective information and communication mechanisms in rural areas   provided the Maoists, the space to persuade locals to support their cause and at the same time failure of democracy to deliver up to the exp ectations of the people contributed to the frustrations of the poor and to the growth of the insurgency. Positive Aspects Of The Conflict 25. The conflict also had some â€Å"positive† aspects, i.e. if one discounts and pretends to temporarily forget the losses. These positive aspects are the social reforms initiated by the government after the Maoists began rattling the status quo by forcibly correcting some long-standing socio-cultural inequities. Some of those reforms were in the plans and programs of the government and political parties but had never really been implemented. The Maoists have effectively challenged the discriminatory and exploitative caste system and have taken the debate on ethnicity and identity to the level of discussion or regional autonomy and self-determination. 26. The Maoists advocate regional autonomy, promising nationalities and geographically specific regions the right to self-determination. Locally, Maoists women, enforced bans on alcohol production and distribution, which they claim had helped reduce social evils (domestic violence, for example), and also to improve food security by ensuring that food grains are not used for brewing alcohol. The anti-alcohol drive, however also had another side. Many of the ethnic populations need alcohol for religious ceremony and cultural events, and the industry is also a major employer. 27. In the village the Maoists are also said to have forcefully ended polygamy, by shaming or even killing those found guilty of the offense, which is something every woman would support. They also advocated equality of the sexes, and were able to portray that they are at least better than the state, on gender equality. According to published information, about one third of the Maoists militia comprises women, which is symbolically a better mix, compared to the status of women in state institutions. Furthermore, in the Maoists â€Å"base areas† places where they claimed to have complete control they tried out different development models, for example cooperatives, restoration of the tenancy rights of tillers and the setting up of â€Å"model† primary schools. CHAPTER III SOCIETAL EXPERIENCES OF THE INSURGENCY AND COUNTER INSURGENCY General 28. Nepal has endured a decade long brutal insurgency which pushed the nation to the brink of catastrophe. Notwithstanding the little knowledge and experience in Counter Insurgency (COIN), Nepals Armed forces were haphazardly deployed to mitigate the threat posed by the insurgents. Devoid of a proper political stratagem, however, the military response failed to yield the intended outcome.Any form of violence / conflict leaves behind physical scars not only on the mankind but also to its surroundings with the left away of damaged building, displaced individuals and families, disrupted public services along with the deaths and disappearances. However, the real damage is done on the hearts and minds of the people, most of them civilian peoples who stayed as bystanders during the entire period of the conflict sharing the both pain from the side of the rebel and the government forces. Hence following are some of the broad categories in terms of social, political, economic and security imp act that the researcher has identified as possible areas which were experienced by the Nepalese as a whole in the past conflict. Social Impact 29. The conflict in Nepal had resulted into death of more than thirteen thousand, from the hands of Maoist or the security forces. Many more have been impaired for life and thousands more have been displaced from their homes. There were fightings almost every day after November 2001, except during seven months of truce between January and August 2003. The conflict between the security forces and the Maoist in the past had far-reaching effects on any society, in terms of destruction, disruption, diversion and dissaving. Besides destruction of material, the conflict also disrupted the normal walk of life of the people causing social and economic losses, many of which were difficult to measure. Some of them being the pain of an individual or group that had lost their dear and near ones, anguish of bereaved widows, orphans and friends and families of those killed in the conflict, belonging either to security forces, civilians or the Maoist combatant. Besides, there is other aspect of the socio-cultural impact which includes displacement of people resulting to homeless, Human Rights violations, educational shutdown, detainees and disappearance, psychological and mental problems in children and women, degradation in environmental protection are some of the experiences faced by the society during the insurgency period. Following paragraphs discuss the socio-cultural impacts of the conflict, based on the findings from the research. 30.Displacement. Operation Romeo was the major pushing factor for the displacement of people right before the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) declared Peoples War on 13 Feb 1996 with an aim to overthrow the constitutional Monarchy and establish New Republican State. Later it was followed by the government launching Operation Kilo Sierra Two which also fuelled the displacement problem.The rate of internal displacement was further intensified after the government initiated actual counter insurgency operation. However there are no any definite statistics of the displaced people and the one available also shows the variations regarding the numbers of Internally Displaced People (IDP) which is shown in Appendix â€Å"B†, this however does not include the displaced people due to the threat of the government and security forces. 31. However it has been clear that the displacement had been both voluntary and forced. Those who left the village voluntary did so fearing they could be attacked by the Maoist, even though they were not threatened by them. Most of the voluntary migrants included members of the politician, local landlords, money lenders and the ones who were involved in illegal activities. The bitter experience of the displaced people could be understood easily since any individual that are forced to move from his/her place of residence faces multiple problems. 32.Children and Women.Where ever there is a conflict, children and women are often the worst sufferers in the conflicts, it is no doubt that many have appreciated Maoist for empowering women into their party but there are many more who blames Maoist for victimizing them as well. Though recruitment of women alongside of the men in the militia/guerilla has been termed as empowerment but at the same time the ignorance of the hardship that the women had to undergo during the conflict has always been neglected. Women experienced conflict differently than men, there were numerous cases regarding gendered form of violence during counter insurgency operations such as rape, slavery, deprivation of food, teenage widow and eviction from the family (according to Thapa, Ranjana, Impact of Armed Conflict on Women). They were victims of rape and torture and would often end up being forced to raise their children on their own, especially after their male partner were killed or captured. There were i ncidents where the young women/girls within Maoist had suffered from sexual abuse and exploitation, there was an interview in the national TV which the researcher still recalls, a 19 year old women Maoist cadre had claimed that she and many in their party had to fulfill the sexual desire of their own level Maoist cadre and she further notified that sometimes she even had to fulfill sexual desire of more than dozen per night. Overall, women had been adversely affected during these periods, whether as daughters, mothers, sisters or wives of both the personnel of the security forces and the Maoist. 33. Despite a national campaign â€Å"Children as Zone of Peace†, it was the children who were caught up in the Maoist conflict mainly as victims. Many had been killed in the Maoist Government conflict of which they were no part of. According to the INSEC, over 260 children under the age of 18 were killed in the conflict between 1996 till 2004. Many others were wounded and many had lost either both or one of their parents. According to other estimate, at least 2,000 children have lost one parent and more than 4,000 had been displaced. The Maoist at one hand had been using children as child soldier by either using them for combatant, cultural groups or as informants. At the same time the security forces have also used children in various ways such as guides, couriers and porters. Children nationwide experienced school disruptions because of Maoist attack on schools, forced closures and strikes at schools. The Maoist always use to see school going children as their potential fu ture combatant or child combatant resulting into abduction of entire class of student. 34. The framework projected in Appendix â€Å"C† provides an overview of an involvement of children in armed conflict and its impact which was distinctly experienced/ observed during the counter insurgency operations against the Maoist Peoples War. 35.Health and Food Security.Though many people had experienced death as a direct result of fighting from knife wounds, bullet, bombs and landmines, but many more died from malnutrition and disease due to Maoist Peoples war. The interruption of food supplies by the security forces, the destruction of agricultural and health services infrastructures by the Maoist, resulted into diminished food intake and severe malnutrition/infections, the target always being children and the older peoples in the society. The people living in the rural area of Nepal experienced serious cutback in local food production, caused by the migration of the merchants from the rural areas, lack of access to markets due to restriction imposed by the Maoist cadres and the displacement of able human resources from the villages. 36. In one incident in particular in 2004, Rolpa district suffered from transport blockade for nearly a year, similarly four village in Acham district faced movement restriction for over year and the Doti district faced blockade of food transportation for more than 6 months, all of them were enforced by the Maoist activists. On the other hand, in order to prevent food from falling into the hands of the Maoists, the security forces had also imposed small weekly quotas on private traders of food in some district. In some cases these amounts were so small that it was not worth for merchants to long risky journey to sell it. The quotas impacted civilians more then intended Maoist force because the Maoist regularly forced the villagers to provide them with meals, leaving very little food left for feeding families. 37.Human trafficking and HIV/AIDS. Trafficking of women and girls to India and other countries is a long standing prob